Force and Strategy
	Puzzle of Japan’s Surrender
	Questions for Today
	Alternative Hypotheses?
	Japanese Empire in 1942
	U.S. Coercive Strategies
	U.S. Coercive Strategies (cont.)
	U.S. Coercive Strategies (cont.)
	Operation Downfall / Operation Olympic
	U.S. Coercive Strategies
	The Target
	Target (cont.)
	Japan’s Supreme War Council
	Japan’s Last Defense Strategy
	Civilian Vulnerability
	Military Vulnerability
	Military Vulnerability (cont.)
	Atomic Bombing
	Atomic Bombing
	Alternative Hypotheses?

• Insurgencies and Counterinsurgencies: Afghanistan
• U.S. Nuclear Doctrine and Force Posture (1991-present)
• Dynamics of Coercion: Credibility, Capability, and 1930s Appeasement Crises
• Rise of China and the Future of the Balance-of-power in Asia
• Privitization of Military Forces and Functions