1. Resources

Please review information in Section 2 for accessing ProMED-mail

Otter deaths - USA (CA). 8 May 2003. ProMED-mail. http://www.isid.org

Otter deaths, domoic acid - USA (CA): susp. 14 Apr 2004. ProMED-mail. http://www.isid.org

Otter deaths, domoic acid - USA (CA): not otter deaths. 23 May 2004. ProMED-mail. http://www.isid.org

Otter deaths, domoic acid - USA (CA): not otter deaths. 25 May 2004. ProMED-mail. http://www.isid.org

Otter deaths, domoic acid - USA (CA): not otter deaths. 15 Jun 2004. ProMED-mail. http://www.isid.org

An unusual genotype of Toxoplasma gondii is common in California sea otters. Miller MA et. al. An unusual genotype of Toxoplasma gondii is common in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and is a cause of mortality. Int J Parasitol. 2004 Mar 9;34(3):275-84.

Patterns of mortality in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from 1998-2001. Krueder C et. al. Patterns of mortality in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from 1998-2001. J Wildl Dis. 2003 Jul;39(3):495-509.

Clinical pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and Alaskan sea otters. Hanni KD et. al. Clinical pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and Alaskan sea otters. J Wildl Dis. 2003 Oct;39(4) :837-50.

Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters. Miller MA et. al. Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Int J Parasitol. 2002 Jul;32(8):997-1006.

2. ProMED-mail Citations

ProMED - Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases - is an Internet-based reporting system dedicated to rapid global dissemination of information on outbreaks of infectious diseases and acute exposures to toxins that affect human health, including those in animals and in plants grown for food or animal feed. A team of expert human, plant, and animal disease moderators screen, review, and investigate reports before posting to the network. ProMED-mail is open to all sources and free of political constraints. Sources of information include media reports, official reports, online summaries, local observers, and others. A central purpose of ProMED-mail is to promote communication amongst the international infectious disease community, including scientists, physicians, epidemiologists, public health professionals, and others interested in infectious diseases on a global scale.