1. Resources

Please review information in Section 2 for accessing ProMED-mail

West Nile virus emerged in the Americas just 4 years ago. In the meantime many crows and other wild birds have died as the virus has moved across the country toward the West coast. What does this disease emergence mean for bird populations in North America and South America. What do our attempts to control the spread of this virus do to the environment?

West Nile Virus Infection in Birds and Mosquitoes. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no4/bernard.htm OR access CDC Website, http://www.cdc.gov, click on Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal under Publications and Products, type in West nile Virus Infection in Birds and Mosquitoes in search box, click on link.

National Wildlife Health Center pages on West Nile virus. http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/research/west_nile/west_nile.html.

NBII on West Nile Virus. http://westnilevirus.nbii.gov/.

National Audubon site on effects on wild birds. http://www.audubon.org/bird/wnv/pdf/effects_on_wildlife.pdf

Information about zoos and West Nile virus. http://www.aazv.org/diseaseinfo.htm.

Wild birds help scientists understand West Nile virus. http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/research/west_nile/WNVres091102.pdf

West Nile virus, avian - USA (HI). 28 Sep 2004. ProMED-mail. http://www.isid.org

West Nile virus, avian - USA (HI). 1 Oct 2004. ProMED-mail. http://www.isid.org

West Nile virus, avian - USA (HI). 12 Oct 2004. ProMED-mail. http://www.isid.org

West Nile virus, avian - USA (HI). 4 Nov 2004. ProMED-mail. http://www.isid.org

2. ProMED-mail Citations

ProMED - Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases - is an Internet-based reporting system dedicated to rapid global dissemination of information on outbreaks of infectious diseases and acute exposures to toxins that affect human health, including those in animals and in plants grown for food or animal feed. A team of expert human, plant, and animal disease moderators screen, review, and investigate reports before posting to the network. ProMED-mail is open to all sources and free of political constraints. Sources of information include media reports, official reports, online summaries, local observers, and others. A central purpose of ProMED-mail is to promote communication amongst the international infectious disease community, including scientists, physicians, epidemiologists, public health professionals, and others interested in infectious diseases on a global scale.